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Californication (album)
''Californication'' is the seventh studio album by American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released on June 7, 1999, on Warner Bros. Records and was produced by Rick Rubin. ''Californication'' marked the return of John Frusciante, who had previously appeared on ''Mother's Milk'' and ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'', to replace Dave Navarro as the band's guitarist. Frusciante's return was credited with changing the band's sound altogether, producing a notable shift in style from the music recorded with Navarro. The album's subject material incorporated various sexual innuendos commonly associated with the band, but also contained more varied themes than previous outings, including lust, death, contemplations of suicide, California, drugs, globalization, and travel.
''Californication'' is the Chili Peppers' most commercially successful studio release internationally, with over 15 million copies sold worldwide,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Billboard Magazine: 300 Best Selling Albums (Worldwide) )〕 and more than 5 million in the United States alone. As of 2002, the album had sold over 4 million copies in Europe.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=IFPI Platinum Europe Awards – 2002 )〕 The record produced several hits for the band, including "Otherside", "Californication" and the Grammy Award-winning "Scar Tissue". ''Californication'' peaked at number three on the U.S. ''Billboard'' 200. The record marked a significant change in style for the band: ''Rolling Stone''s Greg Tate noted that "while all previous Chili Peppers projects have been highly spirited, ''Californication'' dares to be spiritual and epiphanic".
==Background==
Guitarist John Frusciante left the band in the middle of a 1992 tour that promoted their critically acclaimed album ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik''.〔Kiedis and Sloman (2004), p. 295.〕 It took over a year for the band to find a new guitarist with whom to record officially. Dave Navarro, formerly of Jane's Addiction, was invited to join the Chili Peppers after Arik Marshall, who had finished the remaining tour dates for ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'', was fired.〔Kiedis and Sloman (2004), p. 307.〕 Navarro influenced the band's ensuing album, ''One Hot Minute'', by incorporating various elements of heavy metal and psychedelic rock, which was something that the Chili Peppers had not previously been notable for. Compared to ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'', ''One Hot Minute'' was a commercial disappointment, selling only half of what ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' had originally sold.〔Kiedis and Sloman (2004), pp. 344, 358, 401.〕 Critics dismissed the album, claiming it was weak and unfocused.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Red Hot Chili Peppers Biography )〕 Shortly after the release of ''One Hot Minute'', Navarro was fired due to internal differences.〔Kiedis and Sloman (2004), pp. 361–377.〕
In the years following Frusciante's departure from the Chili Peppers, he had developed a vicious addiction to both heroin and cocaine that left him in poverty and near death. Friends convinced him to enter drug rehabilitation in January 1998. In April 1998, following Frusciante's three-month completion, Flea visited his former band-mate and openly invited him to re-join the band, an invitation Frusciante readily accepted. Within the week, and for the first time in six years, the foursome gathered to play and jump-started the newly reunited Red Hot Chili Peppers.〔Kiedis and Sloman (2004), pp. 389–400.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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